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Changes to the State Energy Data System (SEDS) Notice: In October 2023, we updated the way we calculate primary energy consumption of electricity generation from noncombustible renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal). Visit our Changes to 1960—2022 conversion factor for renewable energy page to learn more.

Table CT2. Primary energy consumption estimates, 1960-2022, United States
(trillion Btu)

Table CT2. Primary energy consumption estimates, 1960-2022, United States (trillion Btu)







Year		 Fossil fuels Fossil fuels
(as commingled)




Nuclear
electric
power		 Renewable energy



Electricity
net
imports l






Total f,j





Coal


Net imports
of
coal coke
Natural gas
excluding
supplemental
gaseous fuels a		 Petroleum




Total

Hydro-
electric
power e,f		 Biomass



Geo-
thermal f



Solar f,k




Wind




Total f,j
Natural gas
including
supplemental
gaseous fuels a
Distillate fuel
oil including
biofuels a		 Motor
gasoline
including
fuel ethanol a
Distillate
fuel oil
excluding
biofuels a


HGL b

Jet
fuel c		 Motor
gasoline
excluding
fuel ethanol a


Residual
fuel oil


Other d



Total

Wood and
waste f,g

Fuel
ethanol h


Biodiesel

Renewable
diesel
Losses
and co-
products i


Total f,j
1960 9,831 -6 12,385 3,992 866 739 7,631 3,517 3,129 19,874 42,084 12,385 3,992 7,631 6 510 [R ] 1,320 NA NA NA NA 1,320 (s) NA NA 1,830 [R ] 15 43,935 [R ]
1961 9,618 -8 12,926 4,045 891 827 7,752 3,450 3,204 20,168 42,705 12,926 4,045 7,752 20 531 [R ] 1,295 NA NA NA NA 1,295 R (s) NA NA 1,826 [R ] 8 44,558 [R ]
1962 9,905 -6 13,731 4,266 973 977 8,051 3,432 3,299 20,997 44,627 13,731 4,266 8,051 26 587 [R ] 1,300 NA NA NA NA 1,300 R (s) NA NA 1,888 [R ] 2 46,543 [R ]
1963 10,415 -7 14,419 4,353 1,052 1,044 8,310 3,388 3,498 21,644 46,471 14,419 4,353 8,310 38 577 [R ] 1,323 NA NA NA NA 1,323 1 [R ] NA NA 1,900 [R ] (s) 48,410 [R ]
1964 10,968 -10 15,298 4,371 1,124 1,121 8,464 3,487 3,673 22,240 48,495 15,298 4,371 8,464 40 615 [R ] 1,337 NA NA NA NA 1,337 1 [R ] NA NA 1,953 [R ] 7 50,494 [R ]
1965 11,582 -18 15,779 4,519 1,170 1,215 8,806 3,691 3,784 23,184 50,527 15,779 4,519 8,806 43 672 [R ] 1,335 NA NA NA NA 1,335 1 [R ] NA NA 2,008 [R ] (s) 52,578 [R ]
1966 12,145 -25 17,006 4,645 1,234 1,354 9,219 3,938 3,945 24,334 53,461 17,006 4,645 9,219 64 675 [R ] 1,369 NA NA NA NA 1,369 1 [R ] NA NA 2,045 [R ] 4 55,573 [R ]
1967 11,917 -15 17,965 4,766 1,312 1,670 9,507 4,098 3,919 25,273 55,139 17,965 4,766 9,507 88 768 [R ] 1,340 NA NA NA NA 1,340 1 [R ] NA NA 2,109 [R ] -1 57,336 [R ]
1968 12,338 -17 19,205 5,094 1,460 1,941 10,114 4,201 4,155 26,965 58,490 19,205 5,094 10,114 142 771 [R ] 1,419 NA NA NA NA 1,419 1 [R ] NA NA 2,192 [R ] -2 60,821 [R ]
1969 12,383 -36 20,658 5,244 1,678 2,017 10,595 4,539 4,249 28,322 61,327 20,658 5,244 10,595 154 865 [R ] 1,440 NA NA NA NA 1,440 2 [R ] NA NA 2,307 [R ] 4 63,791 [R ]
1970 12,269 -58 21,693 5,401 1,667 1,973 11,091 5,057 4,312 29,500 63,404 21,693 5,401 11,091 239 856 [R ] 1,431 NA NA NA NA 1,431 2 [R ] NA NA 2,289 [R ] 7 65,939 [R ]
1971 11,603 -33 22,365 5,658 1,700 2,061 11,532 5,269 4,322 30,541 64,477 22,365 5,658 11,532 413 920 [R ] 1,432 NA NA NA NA 1,432 2 [R ] NA NA 2,354 [R ] 12 67,256 [R ]
1972 12,110 -26 22,682 6,210 1,927 2,141 12,259 5,820 4,563 32,919 67,685 22,682 6,210 12,259 584 941 [R ] 1,503 NA NA NA NA 1,503 5 [R ] NA NA 2,449 [R ] 26 70,745 [R ]
1973 12,960 -7 22,595 6,575 1,959 2,167 12,797 6,477 4,831 34,806 70,354 22,595 6,575 12,797 910 940 [R ] 1,529 NA NA NA NA 1,529 7 [R ] NA NA 2,476 [R ] 49 73,788 [R ]
1974 12,651 56 21,730 6,267 1,914 2,030 12,535 6,056 4,619 33,421 67,857 21,730 6,267 12,535 1,272 1,038 [R ] 1,540 NA NA NA NA 1,540 8 [R ] NA NA 2,586 [R ] 43 71,759 [R ]
1975 12,656 14 19,977 6,061 1,811 2,047 12,798 5,649 4,332 32,699 65,345 19,977 6,061 12,798 1,900 1,034 [R ] 1,499 NA NA NA NA 1,499 11 [R ] NA NA 2,544 [R ] 21 69,810 [R ]
1976 13,576 (s) 20,381 6,679 1,877 2,026 13,415 6,445 4,700 35,142 69,099 20,381 6,679 13,415 2,111 979 [R ] 1,713 NA NA NA NA 1,713 12 [R ] NA NA 2,705 [R ] 29 73,944 [R ]
1977 13,907 15 19,972 7,126 1,867 2,126 13,760 7,047 5,156 37,083 70,977 19,972 7,126 13,760 2,702 763 [R ] 1,838 NA NA NA NA 1,838 12 [R ] NA NA 2,613 [R ] 59 76,351 [R ]
1978 13,770 125 20,068 7,296 1,848 2,164 14,211 6,936 5,464 37,919 71,881 20,068 7,296 14,211 3,024 967 [R ] 2,038 NA NA NA NA 2,038 10 [R ] NA NA 3,015 [R ] 67 77,988 [R ]
1979 15,042 63 20,688 7,039 2,214 2,204 13,487 6,485 5,646 37,076 72,868 20,688 7,039 13,487 2,776 966 [R ] 2,152 NA NA NA NA 2,152 13 [R ] NA NA 3,131 [R ] 69 78,844 [R ]
1980 15,461 -35 20,227 6,110 2,135 2,190 12,648 5,772 5,304 34,160 69,812 20,384 6,110 12,648 2,739 953 [R ] 2,472 NA NA NA NA 2,472 17 [R ] NA NA 3,442 [R ] 71 76,065 [R ]
1981 15,938 -16 19,750 6,014 2,098 2,062 12,631 4,791 4,289 31,884 67,555 19,928 6,014 12,631 3,008 900 [R ] 2,587 7 NA NA 6 2,600 19 [R ] NA NA 3,519 [R ] 113 74,196 [R ]
1982 15,269 -22 18,367 5,679 2,095 2,072 12,538 3,939 3,858 30,180 63,794 18,515 5,679 12,538 3,131 1,066 [R ] 2,630 19 NA NA 16 2,665 17 [R ] NA NA 3,747 [R ] 100 70,772 [R ]
1983 15,867 -16 17,212 5,720 1,983 2,141 12,697 3,260 4,196 29,997 63,061 17,348 5,720 12,697 3,203 1,144 [R ] 2,841 34 NA NA 29 2,904 21 [R ] NA (s) 4,069 [R ] 121 70,453 [R ]
1984 17,014 -11 18,390 6,065 2,230 2,414 12,867 3,151 4,267 30,993 66,385 18,503 6,065 12,867 3,553 1,107 [R ] 2,894 42 NA NA 35 2,972 26 [R ] (s) (s) 4,105 [R ] 135 74,177 [R ]
1985 17,540 -13 17,714 6,098 2,252 2,497 13,098 2,759 4,164 30,867 66,107 17,843 6,098 13,098 4,076 970 [R ] 2,923 51 NA NA 42 3,016 32 [R ] (s) (s) 4,018 [R ] 140 74,341 [R ]
1986 17,241 -17 16,603 6,196 2,158 2,682 13,487 3,255 4,372 32,151 65,978 16,718 6,196 13,487 4,380 1,003 [R ] 2,825 59 NA NA 48 2,932 35 [R ] (s) (s) 3,971 [R ] 122 74,451 [R ]
1987 17,950 9 17,647 6,328 2,339 2,843 13,816 2,901 4,591 32,818 68,424 17,750 6,328 13,816 4,754 863 [R ] 2,755 68 NA NA 55 2,878 37 [R ] (s) (s) 3,777 [R ] 158 77,113 [R ]
1988 18,886 40 18,460 6,655 2,373 2,982 14,105 3,170 4,888 34,174 71,559 18,563 6,655 14,105 5,587 771 [R ] 2,892 69 NA NA 55 3,016 35 [R ] (s) (s) 3,823 [R ] 108 81,077 [R ]
1989 19,055 30 19,607 6,712 2,403 3,059 14,050 3,144 4,797 34,165 72,858 19,716 6,712 14,050 5,602 928 [R ] 3,034 70 NA NA 56 3,159 59 [R ] 52 [R ] 7 [R ] 4,206 [R ] 37 82,703 [R ]
1990 19,168 5 19,628 6,422 2,259 3,129 13,872 2,820 4,999 33,501 72,301 19,752 6,422 13,872 6,104 999 [R ] 2,626 62 NA NA 49 2,737 63 [R ] 56 [R ] 10 [R ] 3,865 [R ] 8 82,278 [R ]
1991 18,989 10 20,033 6,210 2,466 3,025 13,781 2,657 4,651 32,790 71,822 20,148 6,210 13,781 6,422 986 [R ] 2,654 72 NA NA 56 2,782 65 [R ] 58 [R ] 10 [R ] 3,901 [R ] 67 82,213 [R ]
1992 19,118 35 20,724 6,351 2,595 3,001 13,973 2,518 5,031 33,469 73,345 20,844 6,351 13,973 6,479 864 [R ] 2,787 81 NA NA 64 2,932 67 [R ] 60 [R ] 10 [R ] 3,932 [R ] 87 83,843 [R ]
1993 19,836 27 21,255 6,466 2,557 3,028 14,141 2,479 4,920 33,592 74,710 21,376 6,466 14,236 6,410 957 [R ] 2,737 95 NA NA 74 2,906 70 [R ] 62 [R ] 10 [R ] 4,005 [R ] 95 85,220 [R ]
1994 19,904 58 21,757 6,718 2,777 3,154 14,360 2,342 5,107 34,458 76,177 21,870 6,718 14,466 6,694 888 [R ] 2,839 106 NA NA 82 3,028 66 [R ] 63 [R ] 12 [R ] 4,056 [R ] 153 87,080 [R ]
1995 20,099 61 22,721 6,812 2,791 3,132 14,680 1,955 4,976 34,346 77,226 22,833 6,812 14,794 7,075 1,061 [R ] 2,901 114 NA NA 86 3,101 60 [R ] 64 [R ] 11 [R ] 4,297 [R ] 134 88,732 [R ]
1996 21,002 23 23,151 7,168 2,951 3,274 14,967 1,952 5,280 35,593 79,769 23,262 7,168 15,049 7,087 1,185 [R ] 3,014 82 NA NA 61 3,157 64 [R ] 65 [R ] 11 [R ] 4,481 [R ] 137 91,474 [R ]
1997 21,444 46 23,372 7,298 2,956 3,308 15,127 1,828 5,552 36,069 80,932 23,477 7,298 15,231 6,597 1,216 [R ] 2,919 104 NA NA 80 3,103 66 [R ] 64 [R ] 11 [R ] 4,461 [R ] 116 92,106 [R ]
1998 21,583 67 22,912 7,352 2,809 3,357 15,559 2,036 5,611 36,724 81,286 23,016 7,352 15,674 7,068 1,103 [R ] 2,726 115 NA NA 86 2,927 68 [R ] 63 [R ] 10 [R ] 4,173 [R ] 88 92,615 [R ]
1999 21,582 58 22,925 7,587 3,193 3,462 15,889 1,905 5,701 37,737 82,302 23,026 7,587 16,008 7,610 1,090 [R ] 2,754 119 NA NA 90 2,963 71 [R ] 62 [R ] 15 [R ] 4,202 [R ] 99 94,213 [R ]
2000 22,576 65 23,815 7,927 3,216 3,580 15,991 2,091 5,352 38,157 84,613 23,907 7,927 16,127 7,862 940 [R ] 2,773 137 NA NA 99 3,008 69 [R ] 59 [R ] 19 [R ] 4,096 [R ] 115 96,686 [R ]
2001 21,906 29 22,748 8,170 2,895 3,426 16,201 1,861 5,534 38,088 82,771 22,836 8,170 16,345 8,029 740 [R ] 2,374 144 1 NA 108 2,627 69 [R ] 57 [R ] 23 [R ] 3,516 [R ] 75 94,391 [R ]
2002 21,903 61 23,514 8,020 3,006 3,340 16,619 1,605 5,532 38,122 83,599 23,582 8,020 16,790 8,145 902 [R ] 2,397 171 2 NA 130 2,701 73 [R ] 55 [R ] 35 [R ] 3,766 [R ] 72 95,582 [R ]
2003 22,323 51 22,823 8,341 2,905 3,265 16,715 1,772 5,715 38,713 83,909 22,891 8,341 16,949 7,960 941 [R ] 2,403 233 2 NA 168 2,806 77 [R ] 54 [R ] 38 [R ] 3,916 [R ] 22 95,807 [R ]
2004 22,464 138 22,927 8,642 2,976 3,383 17,023 1,990 6,136 40,148 85,678 22,988 8,642 17,316 8,223 916 [R ] 2,510 293 3 NA 201 3,008 80 [R ] 53 [R ] 48 [R ] 4,106 [R ] 39 98,045 [R ]
2005 22,793 44 22,567 8,745 2,812 3,475 17,022 2,111 6,062 40,227 85,632 22,632 8,745 17,358 8,161 922 [R ] 2,538 335 12 NA 227 3,112 84 [R ] 52 [R ] 61 [R ] 4,231 [R ] 85 98,109 [R ]
2006 22,444 61 22,225 8,831 2,768 3,379 17,058 1,581 6,127 39,743 84,474 22,293 8,831 17,511 8,215 987 [R ] 2,496 453 33 NA 280 3,262 86 [R ] 54 [R ] 91 [R ] 4,480 [R ] 63 97,231 [R ]
2007 22,748 25 23,671 8,858 2,835 3,358 16,859 1,659 5,815 39,384 85,828 23,735 8,858 17,428 8,459 845 [R ] 2,502 569 45 NA 369 3,485 91 [R ] 57 [R ] 118 [R ] 4,595 [R ] 107 98,988 [R ]
2008 22,383 41 23,836 8,346 2,656 3,193 15,999 1,432 5,165 36,792 83,051 23,898 8,346 16,799 8,426 869 [R ] 2,494 800 39 NA 519 3,851 97 [R ] 61 [R ] 189 [R ] 5,068 [R ] 112 96,658 [R ]
2009 19,691 -24 23,421 7,594 2,707 2,883 15,805 1,173 4,618 34,780 77,868 23,487 7,657 16,714 8,355 933 [R ] 2,387 910 41 NA 603 3,940 105 [R ] 63 [R ] 252 [R ] 5,293 [R ] 116 91,632 [R ]
2010 20,828 -6 24,568 7,966 2,881 2,963 15,570 1,228 4,713 35,321 80,711 24,634 8,011 16,632 8,434 888 [R ] 2,685 1,061 33 NA 727 4,506 111 [R ] 68 [R ] 323 [R ] 5,896 [R ] 89 95,130 [R ]
2011 19,664 11 24,954 8,099 2,811 2,950 15,110 1,058 4,611 34,640 79,268 25,015 8,211 16,175 8,269 1,090 [R ] 2,675 1,065 113 8 756 4,616 116 [R ] 76 [R ] 410 [R ] 6,308 [R ] 127 93,972 [R ]
2012 17,381 4 26,076 7,783 2,887 2,901 15,022 849 4,393 33,833 77,294 26,138 7,897 16,085 8,062 943 [R ] 2,618 1,064 115 10 711 4,517 117 [R ] 94 [R ] 480 [R ] 6,150 [R ] 161 91,667 [R ]
2013 18,039 -17 26,789 7,838 3,166 2,969 15,240 731 4,455 34,398 79,209 26,845 8,051 16,332 8,244 916 [R ] 2,835 1,092 182 39 714 4,861 117 [R ] 120 [R ] 573 [R ] 6,587 [R ] 197 94,237 [R ]
2014 17,997 -22 27,377 8,283 3,067 3,042 15,361 590 4,315 34,658 80,010 27,439 8,492 16,473 8,338 885 [R ] 2,917 1,111 181 38 766 5,016 118 [R ] 161 [R ] 620 [R ] 6,799 [R ] 182 95,328 [R ]
2015 15,549 -18 28,180 8,178 3,221 3,204 15,788 595 4,381 35,368 79,079 28,241 8,403 16,941 8,337 850 [R ] 2,830 1,153 191 48 791 5,015 118 [R ] 196 [R ] 651 [R ] 6,829 [R ] 227 94,473 [R ]
2016 14,227 -19 28,393 7,871 3,184 3,350 16,051 751 4,506 35,712 78,313 28,453 8,170 17,238 8,427 914 [R ] 2,730 1,187 266 57 821 5,063 117 [R ] 251 [R ] 774 [R ] 7,120 [R ] 227 94,087 [R ]
2017 13,840 -29 28,057 7,981 3,272 3,481 16,002 784 4,523 36,044 77,912 28,126 8,263 17,201 8,419 1,025 [R ] 2,680 1,199 253 62 847 5,045 118 [R ] 329 [R ] 868 [R ] 7,383 [R ] 192 93,906 [R ]
2018 13,250 -26 31,163 8,453 3,720 3,533 16,013 729 4,446 36,892 81,280 31,236 8,715 17,209 8,438 998 [R ] 2,749 1,197 243 57 855 5,105 118 [R ] 384 [R ] 930 [R ] 7,535 [R ] 152 97,404 [R ]
2019 11,315 -21 32,236 8,376 3,897 3,608 15,960 631 4,395 36,867 80,397 32,300 8,626 17,166 8,452 982 [R ] 2,680 1,206 231 99 835 5,056 116 [R ] 430 [R ] 1,010 [R ] 7,594 [R ] 133 96,576 [R ]
2020 9,183 -13 31,655 [R ] 7,721 3,956 2,234 13,834 478 4,110 32,333 73,158 [R ] 31,721 [R ] 7,975 14,883 8,251 973 [R ] 2,409 [R ] 1,050 239 107 735 4,545 [R ] 118 [R ] 511 [R ] 1,153 [R ] 7,301 [R ] 161 88,871 [R ]
2021 10,549 [R ] -49 31,688 [R ] 8,243 4,230 2,835 15,095 721 4,391 35,252 77,440 [R ] 31,758 [R ] 8,357 16,250 8,131 [R ] 858 [R ] 2,420 [R ] 1,155 218 158 789 4,751 [R ] 118 [R ] 627 [R ] 1,290 [R ] 7,644 [R ] 134 93,350 [R ]
2022 9,886 -56 33,334 8,358 3,957 3,228 15,073 756 4,296 35,332 78,496 33,411 8,471 16,236 8,046 869 2,424 1,163 212 225 808 4,857 118 765 1,482 8,091 141 94,774
aSupplemental gaseous fuels (SGF) and biofuels are consumed with natural gas and petroleum products. In this table, SGF and biofuels are removed from natural gas and petroleum so that a fossil fuel total can be calculated without
double-counting. Biofuels are included in "Renewable energy."		 jBeginning in 2014, U.S. total includes other biofuels not allocated to the states.
bHydrocarbon gas liquids, include natural gas liquids and refinery olefins. kSolar thermal and photovoltaic energy.
cThrough 2004, includes kerosene-type and naphtha-type jet fuel. Beginning in 2005, includes kerosene-type jet fuel only; naphtha-type jet fuel is included in "Other petroleum." lElectricity traded with Canada and Mexico. Calculated by converting net imports in kilowatthours by 3,412 Btu per kilowatthour.
dIncludes asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, kerosene, lubricants, petroleum coke, and the “other petroleum products” category. See Technical Notes, Section 4. NA = Not available.
eConventional hydroelectric power. For 1960 through 1989, includes hydroelectric pumped-storage, which cannot be separately identified. Where shown, R = Revised data and (s) = Value less than +0.5 and greater than -0.5 trillion Btu.
fThere is a discontinuity in this time series between 1988 and 1989 due to the expanded coverage of renewable energy sources beginning in 1989. Notes: · Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. · The continuity of these data series estimates may be affected by changing data sources and estimation methodologies. See the Technical Notes for each
type of energy.
gWood, wood-derived fuels, and biomass waste. Prior to 2001, includes non-biomass waste. Web Page: All data are available at https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.php.
hExcludes denaturant. Because of differences in data sources and estimation methods, the ratio of fuel ethanol consumption and motor gasoline consumption should not be interpreted as the average ethanol blend rate. Data Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data System. See Technical Notes. http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/
iLosses and co-products from the production of biodiesel and fuel ethanol.